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MONEL nickel alloy is a solid solution alloy that can be hardened by the process of cold working.
MONEL is a trademark of Special Metals Corporation under which a series of nickel-copper alloys are grouped.
Commercially there are many types of MONEL available, such as alloy 400, alloy 401, alloy R-405, Alloy K-500 and Monel 404.
The Monel 400 alloy is also known as super alloy monel. This alloy is available in some standard shapes such as hexagon, round, tube, pipe, plate, strip, sheet and wire.
The proportions of copper and nickel used to make monel are the same as that found in the nickel ore found in Ontario mines. This alloy exhibits good corrosion resistance.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of MONEL 400 alloy is given in the following table.
Physical Properties
Element | Content (%) |
Nickel, Ni | Remainder |
Copper, Cu | 28-34 |
Iron, Fe | 2.5 max |
Manganese, Mn | 2 max |
Silicon, Si | 0.5 max |
Carbon, C | 0.3 max |
Sulphur, S | 0.024 |
The following table discusses the physical properties of MONEL 400 alloy.
Properties | Metric | Imperial |
Density | 8.8 gm/cm3 | 0.318 lb/in3 |
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of MONEL 400 alloy are tabulated below.
Properties | Metric | Imperial |
Tensile strength(annealed) | 517-620 MPa | 75-90 ksi |
Yield strength | 172-345 MPa | 25-50 ksi |
Modulus of elasticity | 179 GPa | 26000 ksi |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.32 | 0.32 |
Some of the other designations that are used to denote MONEL 400 alloy are as below:
AMS 4574
AMS 4675
AMS 4731
ASTM B163
ASTM B165
ASTM F96
UNS N04400
Fabrication
Machinability
The machinability of MONEL 400 is difficult as it work-hardens during machining. The conventional machining techniques used on iron alloys may be used for this alloy.
Welding
Welding methods including gas-arc welding, metal-arc welding, gas-metal-arc welding and submerged-arc welding are recommended on this alloy.
Forging
Forging of this alloy is to be done by controlled procedures.
Hot working
Hot working on this alloy needs to be done by choosing proper temperatures. Typical temperatures for hot working range between 648-1176°C (1200-2150°F).
Cold working
Cold working may be done using soft die materials for better finishing.
Annealing
MONEL 400 alloy may be annealed at 926°C (1700°F).
Applications
The MONEL 400 alloy is used in the following applications:
Marine fixtures, pumps, valves and piping systems for sea water applications
Chemical plant equipment
Frames for eyeglasses
Aerospace applications
Musical instruments.
Applications
Feed water and steam generator tubing.
Brine heaters, sea water scrubbers in tanker inert gas systems.
Sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants.
Pickling bat heating coils.
Heat exchangers in a variety of industries.
Transfer piping from oil refinery crude columns.
Plant for the refining of uranium and isotope separation in the production of nuclear fuel.
Pumps and valves used in the manufacture of perchlorethylene, chlorinated plastics.
Monoethanolamine (MEA) reboiling tube.
Cladding for the upper areas of oil refinery crude columns.
Propeller and pump shafts.
Overview
Monel 400 is a Nickel-Copper alloy, resistant to sea water and steam at high temperatures as well as to salt and caustic solutions.
Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy with excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of media. Monel 400 is characterized by good general corrosion resistance, good weldability and moderate to high strength. The alloy has been used in a variety of applications. It has excellent resistance to rapidly flowing brackish water or seawater. It is particularly resistant to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids when they are de-aerated. The alloy is slightly magnetic at room temperature. Monel 400 is widely used in the chemical, oil and marine industries.
Characteristics
Corrosion resistance in an extensive range of marine and chemical environments. From pure water to nonoxidizing mineral acids, salts and alkalis.
This alloy is more resistant to nickel under reducing conditions and more resistant than copper under oxidizing conditions, it does show however better resistance to reducing media than oxidizing.
Good mechanical properties from subzero temperatures up to about 480C.
Good resistance to sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids. Aeration however will result in increased corrosion rates. May be used to handle hydrochloric acid, but the presence of oxidizing salts will greatly accelerate corrosive attack.
Resistance to neutral, alkaline and acid salts is shown, but poor resistance is found with oxidizing acid salts such as ferric chloride.
Excellent resistance to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking.
MONEL nickel alloy is a solid solution alloy that can be hardened by the process of cold working.
MONEL is a trademark of Special Metals Corporation under which a series of nickel-copper alloys are grouped.
Commercially there are many types of MONEL available, such as alloy 400, alloy 401, alloy R-405, Alloy K-500 and Monel 404.
The Monel 400 alloy is also known as super alloy monel. This alloy is available in some standard shapes such as hexagon, round, tube, pipe, plate, strip, sheet and wire.
The proportions of copper and nickel used to make monel are the same as that found in the nickel ore found in Ontario mines. This alloy exhibits good corrosion resistance.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of MONEL 400 alloy is given in the following table.
Physical Properties
Element | Content (%) |
Nickel, Ni | Remainder |
Copper, Cu | 28-34 |
Iron, Fe | 2.5 max |
Manganese, Mn | 2 max |
Silicon, Si | 0.5 max |
Carbon, C | 0.3 max |
Sulphur, S | 0.024 |
The following table discusses the physical properties of MONEL 400 alloy.
Properties | Metric | Imperial |
Density | 8.8 gm/cm3 | 0.318 lb/in3 |
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of MONEL 400 alloy are tabulated below.
Properties | Metric | Imperial |
Tensile strength(annealed) | 517-620 MPa | 75-90 ksi |
Yield strength | 172-345 MPa | 25-50 ksi |
Modulus of elasticity | 179 GPa | 26000 ksi |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.32 | 0.32 |
Some of the other designations that are used to denote MONEL 400 alloy are as below:
AMS 4574
AMS 4675
AMS 4731
ASTM B163
ASTM B165
ASTM F96
UNS N04400
Fabrication
Machinability
The machinability of MONEL 400 is difficult as it work-hardens during machining. The conventional machining techniques used on iron alloys may be used for this alloy.
Welding
Welding methods including gas-arc welding, metal-arc welding, gas-metal-arc welding and submerged-arc welding are recommended on this alloy.
Forging
Forging of this alloy is to be done by controlled procedures.
Hot working
Hot working on this alloy needs to be done by choosing proper temperatures. Typical temperatures for hot working range between 648-1176°C (1200-2150°F).
Cold working
Cold working may be done using soft die materials for better finishing.
Annealing
MONEL 400 alloy may be annealed at 926°C (1700°F).
Applications
The MONEL 400 alloy is used in the following applications:
Marine fixtures, pumps, valves and piping systems for sea water applications
Chemical plant equipment
Frames for eyeglasses
Aerospace applications
Musical instruments.
Applications
Feed water and steam generator tubing.
Brine heaters, sea water scrubbers in tanker inert gas systems.
Sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants.
Pickling bat heating coils.
Heat exchangers in a variety of industries.
Transfer piping from oil refinery crude columns.
Plant for the refining of uranium and isotope separation in the production of nuclear fuel.
Pumps and valves used in the manufacture of perchlorethylene, chlorinated plastics.
Monoethanolamine (MEA) reboiling tube.
Cladding for the upper areas of oil refinery crude columns.
Propeller and pump shafts.
Overview
Monel 400 is a Nickel-Copper alloy, resistant to sea water and steam at high temperatures as well as to salt and caustic solutions.
Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy with excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of media. Monel 400 is characterized by good general corrosion resistance, good weldability and moderate to high strength. The alloy has been used in a variety of applications. It has excellent resistance to rapidly flowing brackish water or seawater. It is particularly resistant to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids when they are de-aerated. The alloy is slightly magnetic at room temperature. Monel 400 is widely used in the chemical, oil and marine industries.
Characteristics
Corrosion resistance in an extensive range of marine and chemical environments. From pure water to nonoxidizing mineral acids, salts and alkalis.
This alloy is more resistant to nickel under reducing conditions and more resistant than copper under oxidizing conditions, it does show however better resistance to reducing media than oxidizing.
Good mechanical properties from subzero temperatures up to about 480C.
Good resistance to sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids. Aeration however will result in increased corrosion rates. May be used to handle hydrochloric acid, but the presence of oxidizing salts will greatly accelerate corrosive attack.
Resistance to neutral, alkaline and acid salts is shown, but poor resistance is found with oxidizing acid salts such as ferric chloride.
Excellent resistance to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking.
